Jump to content

List of Puerto Rican military personnel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Throughout history Puerto Ricans, including people of Puerto Rican descent, have gained notability as members of the military. They have served and have fought for many countries, such as Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Spain, the United States and Venezuela.

Puerto Ricans have fought and defended their homeland against attacks from the Caribs and pirates. They fought against the invasions of foreign countries and defeated the British, French, and Dutch in doing so.[1] They fought alongside General Bernardo de Gálvez during the American Revolutionary War in the battles of Baton Rouge, Mobile, Pensacola and St. Louis.[2][3] and in Europe against the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Siege of Saragossa.[4]

Puerto Ricans such as Augusto Rodríguez, who resided in the United States in the mid-19th century, fought in the American Civil War. They also fought against the Spanish Empire. They fought for Mexico's independence and in the Latin American wars of independence alongside Simón Bolívar.[4] In Puerto Rico they revolted against Spanish rule and fought for Puerto Rico's independence in the Grito de Lares and in the Intentona de Yauco.[5] They also fought for Cuba's independence in the Ten Years' War alongside General Máximo Gómez[6] and as members of the Cuban Liberation Army alongside José Martí.[7] At the end of the 19th century, Puerto Ricans fought alongside their Spanish counterparts in the Spanish–American War against the United States in the Battle of San Juan Hill; in Cuba as members of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Puerto Rican Provisional Battalions;[8] and in Puerto Rico when the American military forces invaded the island, in what is known as the Puerto Rican Campaign.[9] They also fought against the "Tagalos" during the Philippine Revolution.[10]

Puerto Rico became a territory of the United States upon the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. Upon the outbreak of World War I, the U.S. Congress approved the Jones–Shafroth Act, which gave Puerto Ricans American citizenship with certain limitations. For example, they were, and still are, not permitted to vote for the President of the United States, who is also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, while residing on the island. However, with American citizenship, many Puerto Ricans, with the exception of women, became eligible for the military draft.[11]

World War I

[edit]

In World War I Puerto Ricans opened fire, in what is considered to be the first shot of that war on behalf of the United States, on an armed German supply ship trying to force its way out of San Juan Bay.[12][13] As members of the "Porto Rico Regiment" they were sent to Panama to guard and defend the Panama Canal Zone. In New York, many Puerto Ricans of African descent joined the 396th Infantry Regiment which was mostly composed of African Americans. As members of the 396th Infantry Regiment, also known as the "Harlem Hellfighters," they were not allowed to fight alongside their white counterparts; however, they were permitted to fight as members of a French unit in French uniforms and were awarded the French Croix de Guerre.[14] Before the United States entered World War II, Puerto Ricans were already fighting on European soil, not only in the Rif War,[15] but also on both sides of the Spanish Civil War.[16][17]

World War II

[edit]

During World War II, Puerto Ricans served in every military branch of the United States. Puerto Ricans from the island served in the 65th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Borinqueneers, which participated in combat in the European Theater—in Germany and Central Europe. Those who resided in the mainland of the United States were assigned to regular units of the military and served either in the European or Pacific theaters of the war.

Puerto Rican officers trained the Tuskegee Airmen, the first African American military aviators at the Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama. These men formed the famed 99th Fighter Squadron.[18]

World War II was the first conflict in which Puerto Rican women were allowed to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces.[19] Over 1,000 applications were received and 200 women served in the Puerto Rican WAC unit, Company 6, 2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, a segregated Hispanic unit. Some were assigned to nursing, dental or clerical duties, however some women were assigned to units which were stationed in the European Theater of operations.[20] Puerto Ricans played important roles as commanders in the Armed Forces of the United States for the first time. Some Puerto Rican aviators served and fought for three different countries as members of the Royal Canadian Air Force, the British Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces.[21]

Korean War and other conflicts

[edit]

During the Korean War four Puerto Ricans were awarded the Medal of Honor. They also distinguished themselves as part of the 65th Infantry Regiment receiving many awards and recognitions, including ten Distinguished Service Crosses, however some men were unjustly accused and involved in the largest court martial of said war.[22] On April 13, 2016, leaders of the United States House and Senate awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the 65th Infantry Regiment. Puerto Ricans have continued to fight in every conflict in which the United States has been involved, among which are the Vietnam War in which five Puerto Ricans were awarded the Medal of Honor, Operation El Dorado Canyon, Operation Desert Shield, Operation Restore Hope, Operation Desert Storm and in the military campaigns of Afghanistan and Iraq, in what the United States and its allies refer to as the War on Terror.

Some Puerto Ricans became notable commanders. Some have been awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration in the United States; or the Cruz Laureada de San Fernando (Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand), the highest military decoration awarded by the Spanish government.[15] In World War II,[23] the Korean War[24] and the Vietnam War[25] Puerto Ricans were the most decorated Hispanic soldiers[23][25][26] and in some cases, such as Operation Restore Hope and Operation Desert Shield, they were the first to die in combat. The following list has been divided by the century in which the person became notable and the surnames are placed in alphabetical order.

16th century

[edit]

17th century, Puerto Rico as a Spanish Province

[edit]
Battle of San Juan, 1625
  • Juan de Amézqueta, Captain, Puerto Rican Militia. Defeated Captain Balduino Enrico (Boudewijn Hendricksz), who in 1625 was ordered by the Dutch to capture Puerto Rico.[27]

18th century, Puerto Rico as a Spanish Province

[edit]
  • Rafael Conti, Colonel, Spanish Army
    In 1790, Conti captured 11 enemy ships involved in smuggling stolen goods. In 1797, he helped defeat Sir Ralph Abercromby and defend Puerto Rico from a British invasion in his hometown, Aguadilla. In 1809, he organized a military expedition fight with the aim of returning Hispaniola, which now comprises the nations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, back to Spanish rule.[28]
  • Antonio de los Reyes Correa, Captain, Spanish Army
    Puerto Rican hero who defended the town Arecibo in 1702 from an invasion by defeating the British. He was awarded "La Medalla de Oro de la Real Efigie" (The Gold Medal of the Royal Image), by King Philip V of Spain and given the title of "Captain of Infantry."[29]
  • José and Francisco Díaz, Sergeants, Puerto Rican militia
    Were two cousins in the Toa Baja Militia who helped defeat Sir Ralph Abercromby and defended Puerto Rico from a British invasion in 1797.[30]
  • Miguel Henríquez, Captain, Spanish Navy
    In 1713, Henríquez defeated the British in Vieques and was awarded the La Medalla de Oro de la Real Efigie (The Gold Medal of the Royal Effigy).[31]

19th century

[edit]

20th century

[edit]
First Company of native Puerto Ricans enlisted in the American Colonial Army, 1899.
Officers of the "Porto Rico Regiment" during World War I.
Members of the 65th Infantry Regiment training during World War II.
Puerto Rican Army nurses in World War II.
The 65th Infantry Regiments' bayonet charge against a Chinese division in the Korean War.
Puerto Rican National Guard Engineers in Korea, 60th Infantry Regiment.

21st century

[edit]
Puerto Rico National Guard - 2012
  • Marta Carcana, Major General, U.S. Army. In 2015, Carcana became the first woman to be named Adjutant General of the Puerto Rican National Guard[112]
  • Iván Castro, Captain, U.S. Army. Castro, who is of Puerto Rican descent, is one of three blind active-duty officers who serves in the US Army and the only blind officer serving in the United States Army Special Forces.[113]
  • Hilda Clayton, Specialist, U.S. Army combat photographer killed in 2013 when a mortar exploded during an Afghan training exercise; she was able to photograph the explosion that killed her and four Afghan soldiers. 55th Signal Company named their annual competitive award for combat camera work "The Spc. Hilda I. Clayton Best Combat Camera (COMCAM) Competition" in her honor.[114][115]
  • Ramón Colón-López, Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman (SEAC), U.S. Air Force. On June 13, 2007, Colon-Lopez a pararescueman, was the first and only Hispanic among the first six airmen to be awarded the Air Force Combat Action Medal. He assumed the duties as the 4th Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on December 13, 2019. He is the only Hispanic to reach the rank of SEAC, the most senior (NCO) position overall in the United States Armed Forces.[116][117][118]
  • Olga E. Custodio, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force. Custodio was the first female Hispanic U.S. military pilot. She holds the distinction of being first Latina to complete U.S. Air Force military pilot training. After retiring from the military she became the first Latina to become a commercial airline captain.[119]
  • Emilio Díaz Colón, Major General, Army National Guard PRNG. Díaz-Colón is the second Superintendent of the Puerto Rican Police who once served as the Adjutant General of the Puerto Rican National Guard.[120][121]
  • Raul Escribano, Brigadier General, U. S. Army, a native of Mayaguez, became the first general officer of Puerto Rican descent to hold the position of United Nations Command, Combined Forces Command, United States Forces Korea, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, C2.[122][123]
  • Hila Levy, Major, U.S. Air Force In 2007, Levy became the first Puerto Rican Rhodes scholar.[124]
  • Rafael O'Ferrall, Brigadier General, U. S. Army. The first Hispanic and person of Puerto Rican descent to become the Deputy Commanding General for the Joint Task Force at Guantanamo, Cuba while simultaneously serving as Assistant Adjutant General (Army) and Deputy Commanding General of the Joint Force Headquarters at San Juan, Puerto Rico.[125]
  • María Inés Ortiz, Captain, U.S. Army. Ortiz, who was of Puerto Rican descent, was the first United States Army nurse to die in combat - during Operation Iraqi Freedom - since the Vietnam War.[126]
  • Hector E. Pagan, Brigadier General, U.S. Army, the first Hispanic of Puerto Rican descent to become Deputy Commanding General of the U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.[127]
  • Lizbeth Robles, Specialist, U.S. Army. In 2005, Robles was the first female soldier born in Puerto Rico to die in combat as an active soldier during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[128]
  • Maritza Sáenz Ryan, Colonel, U.S. Army. Sáenz Ryan is the head of the Department of Law at the United States Military Academy. She is the first woman and first Hispanic (Puerto Rican and Spanish heritage) West Point graduate to serve as an academic department head. She also has the distinction of also being the most senior ranking Hispanic Judge Advocate.[129][130]
  • Marc H. Sasseville, Major General, U.S. Air Force. On September 11, 2001, then - Lieutenant Colonel Marc Sasseville {whose mother is Yita Joan Frontera Lluch from Yauco, Puerto Rico[131]) was the acting operations group commander under the 113th Wing of the DC Air National Guard. He was one of four fighter pilots given the mission of finding United Flight 93 and destroying it however they could, even it meant ramming the plane.[132]
  • Frances M. Vega, Specialist, U.S. Army. On November 2, 2003, Vega became the first female soldier of Puerto Rican descent to die in a combat zone during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[133]
  • Noel Zamot, Colonel, U.S. Air Force, a native of Rio Piedras, was the first Hispanic Commandant of the Air Force's elite Test Pilot School. He is also a former combat and test aviator with over 1900 hours in B-52, B-1B, B-2A, F-16D and over 20 other aircraft.[134][135]
  • Irene M. Zoppi, Brigadier General, U.S. Army, the first Puerto Rican female to reach the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Army. She is currently the Deputy Commanding General – Support under the 200th Military Police Command at Fort Meade, Maryland. Zoppi is a Bronze Star Medal Recipient.[136][137]

Notable Puerto Ricans who served in the military

[edit]

The following are the names of notable Puerto Rican men and women or people of Puerto Rican descent who served in the military of Spain, Cuba, Venezuela, England, United States or of that of any other country and have gained fame through previous or subsequent endeavors, infamy, or successes:

A
  • Joseph M. Acaba, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve - astronaut, scientist, educator. First Puerto Rican astronaut
  • Johnny Albino, U.S. Army - bolero singer
  • Pedro Albizu Campos, U.S. Army - President and principal leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
  • Carlos Albizu Miranda, U.S. Army - psychologist, educator, first Hispanic educator to have a North American University renamed in his honor
  • Roberto Angleró, U.S. Air Force - composer and singer
B
  • Ray Barretto, U.S. Army - percussionist, jazz and salsa leader
  • Víctor Manuel Blanco, U.S. Army Air Force - astronomer, discovered galactic cluster "Blanco 1" in 1959,[138] Víctor M. Blanco Telescope named in his honor in 1995[139]
  • Frank Bonilla, U.S. Army - academic of Puerto Rican descent, leading figure in Puerto Rican Studies
C
  • Juan Cancel Ríos, U.S. Army - 7th President of the Senate of Puerto Rico
  • Roberto Clemente, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve - Major League baseball player, first native Puerto Rican in Baseball Hall of Fame
  • Francisco J. Collazo, U.S. Army - founder of COLSA Corporation, a provider of engineering and support services in Huntsville, Alabama[140]
D
  • Carlos Del Castillo, U.S. Army - scientist, recipient of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) award[141]
E
  • Sixto Escobar, U.S. Army - boxer, first Puerto Rican world champion and member of Boxing Hall of Fame
  • Nicholas Estavillo, U.S. Marine Corps - NYPD, first Puerto Rican and first Hispanic to reach the three-star rank of Chief of Patrol[142]
  • Noel Estrada, U.S. Army - composer of "En Mi Viejo San Juan"
F
G
H
L
  • Jacob Lozada, U.S. Army - Management Consultant, nominated by President George W. Bush to be Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs
M
  • José Maldonado Román, Cuban Liberation Army - Puerto Rican revolutionary
  • Hugo Margenat, U.S. Army - poet, founder of the political youth pro-independence organizations "Acción Juventud Independentista" and "Federación de Universitarios Pro Independencia"
  • Ángel Mislan, Spanish Army - composer of Danzas
  • William Miranda Marín, Adjutant General Puerto Rico Army National Guard - Mayor of Caguas, Puerto Rico from 1996 till 2010[143]
P
R
S
T
V
  • Pedro Vázquez, U.S. Marine Corps - 8th Secretary of State of Puerto Rico
  • Antonio J. Vicens, Puerto Rico Army National Guard PRNG - Adjutant General of the Puerto Rico National Guard
  • Juan Emilio Viguié, U.S. Army - movie producer, including Romance Tropical, the first Puerto Rican film with sound[145]
Z
  • David Zayas, U.S. Air Force - Theatrical, film, and television actor, including Angel Batista on series Dexter


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Historias de Puerto Rico by Paul G. Miller, (1947) pgs. 221–237
  2. ^ Bernardo De Galvez: Hero of the American Revolution by Lorenzo G. Lafarelle, p. 57 Pub. Eakin Press and Marion Koogler McNay (1992), ISBN 978-0-89015-849-4
  3. ^ Hector Díaz (March 16, 1996). "Maryland State Resolution on the Role Played by Hispanics In The Achievement of American Independence". Lasculturas.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
  4. ^ a b General Antonio Valero de Bernabé y su aventura de libertad: De Puerto Rico a San Sebastian by Lucas G. Castillo Lara (1991) Pub. Academia Nacional de Historia, ISBN 978-980-222-616-0
  5. ^ Carlos Rovira (September 2005). "The birth of Puerto Rico's fight for independence". S&L Magazine. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  6. ^ Marisabel Brás. "The changing of the guard: Puerto Rico in 1898". Hispanic Division. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
  7. ^ "Francisco Marin". Retrieved October 10, 2006.
  8. ^ Tropas de España en Puerto
  9. ^ "1898 - Adjuntas en la Guerra Hispanoamericana" (in Spanish). Retrieved October 10, 2006.
  10. ^ Miguel Hernández Torres. "Juan Alonso Zayas: Un héroe puertorriqueño desconocido" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved October 10, 2006.
  11. ^ "Jones Act". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 10, 2006.
  12. ^ "CALLS ODENWALD AFFAIR AN ATTACK; Fired On Without Warning Shot, Germany Asserts, Contradicting San Juan Commander. SAYS SHE WAS UNDULY HELD Violated Clearance to Elude Enemy Cruisers That Had Been Warned She Was About to Sail". New York Times. April 7, 1915. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  13. ^ house of Puerto Rico San Diego
  14. ^ Harlem Hell Fighters
  15. ^ a b c Juan Pando. Historia secreta de Annual. Ediciones Temas de Hoy. Colección: Historia. Madrid, 1999. (Spanish)
  16. ^ a b Historia Archived 2010-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ a b Carmelo Delgado. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
  18. ^ History of the Tuskegee Airmen
  19. ^ Puerto Rican Woman in Defense of our country Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "LAS WACS"-Participacion de la Mujer Boricua en la Segunda Guerra Mundial by: Carmen Garcia Rosado; page 60; 1ra. Edicion publicada en Octubre de 2006; 2da Edicion revisada 2007; Regitro tro Propiedad Intectual ELA (Government of Puerto Rico) #06-13P-)1A-399; Library of Congress TXY 1-312-685.
  21. ^ a b Negroni, Héctor Andrés. Historia Militar de Puerto Rico (A Military History of Puerto Rico). Turner Publishing. 1992. ISBN 978-84-7844-138-9. p 486.
  22. ^ Puerto Rico's Fighting 65th U.S. Infantry by W. W. Harris (2001), Pub. Presidio Press ISBN 978-0-89141-056-0
  23. ^ a b c Who was Agustín Ramos Calero? Archived 2006-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, The Puerto Rican Soldier, August 17, 2005. PDF format. Retrieved November 19, 2006.
  24. ^ a b Modesto Cartagena
  25. ^ a b c Univision
  26. ^ Primera Hora
  27. ^ Historias de Puerto Rico by Paul G. Miller, (1947) pgs. 221–237.
  28. ^ "Historia de Puerto Rico" de Paul G. Miller, Rand McNally, editor, 1947, p. 237.
  29. ^ Captain Correa
  30. ^ Algunos de los participantes en las acciones ocurridas durante la invasión británica de 1797 Archived 2012-01-30 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Challenging Changes
  32. ^ Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico
  33. ^ Juan Alonso Zayas: Un héroe puertorriqueño desconocido Archived 2006-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ Francisco Marin
  35. ^ "Benefactores y Hombres Notables de Puerto Rico"; by Eduardo Neumann Gandia; published 1896 National Library of Spain
  36. ^ El Nuevo Dia Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ Ramon Power y Giralt
  38. ^ Spanish American War -Rivero Biography Archived 2009-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ General Juan Rius Rivera
  40. ^ "The Puerto Rican diaspora: historical perspectives"; By Carmen Teresa Whalen, Víctor Vázquez-Hernández; page 176; Publisher: Temple University Press; ISBN 978-1-59213-413-7; ISBN 978-1-59213-413-7
  41. ^ Manuel Rojas
  42. ^ "Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by Héctor Andrés Negroni (Author); Page 476; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish; ISBN 978-84-7844-138-9; ISBN 978-84-7844-138-9
  43. ^ El Nuevo Dia Archived 2006-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Education
  45. ^ Nieves, New York Times, 1993.
  46. ^ site
  47. ^ Sontag, Blind Man's Bluff.
  48. ^ Puerto Rican Soldiers Archived 2007-02-10 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ > U.S. Navy Bio.
  50. ^ Allen, Paul L. (2006-08-03). "Tucson proud Richard Carmona one of its own". Tucson Citizen.
  51. ^ a b c d Obama to award Medal of Honor to 24 Army veterans
  52. ^ Carmen Contreras-Bozak Archived 2008-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ Toledo Blade - Jun 9, 1980
  54. ^ Army Magazine Archived June 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ "Historia Militar de Puerto Rico"; by Héctor Andrés Negroni; pg. 370; ISBN 978-84-7888-138-3
  56. ^ General Ruben A. Cubero Official biography, United States Air Force. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
  57. ^ Renda, Mary (2000). Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism, 1915-1940. University of North Carolina Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780807849385. Retrieved 2007-10-17. Books by Pedro del Valle.
  58. ^ Navy News
  59. ^ Esteves Archived 2010-01-27 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
  60. ^ "Aviation History Facts". Archived from the original on 2008-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  61. ^ Primerahora.com
  62. ^ "Tuller designa a coronela retirada como ayudante especial - El Nuevo Día". Elnuevodia.com. 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  63. ^ "Yo vengo de una cultura machista". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  64. ^ Rose Franco Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ^ USS Sloat (DE-245)
  66. ^ [/S/ DWIGHT D. EISENHOWERMedal of Honor citation]
  67. ^ First Hispanic Woman Grad Credits Academy for Her Success by Rudi Williams; American Forces Press Service
  68. ^ "LAS WACS"-Participacion de la Mujer Boricua en la Seginda Guerra Mundial; by: Carmen Garcia Rosado; page 60; 1ra. Edicion publicada en Octubre de 2006; 2da Edicion revisada 2007; Regitro tro Propiedad Intectual ELA (Government of Puerto Rico) #06-13P-)1A-399
  69. ^ History of USS John F. Kennedy
  70. ^ a b Women's Memorial Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  71. ^ Orlando Llenza
  72. ^ "Medal of Honor citation". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  73. ^ Ildelfonso Lopez, Tras las Huellas de Nuestro Paso, Pg. 34, Publisher: AEELA, 1998. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  74. ^ "Martinez's DSC Citation". Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  75. ^ "Government executive". Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  76. ^ "Gilberto Marxauch Acosta"; El Mundo; by: Luis O'Niel de Milan; June 7, 1957
  77. ^ "US Naval Institute Proceedings"; "A Breach of Neutrality"; by: Lt. Isaiah Olch, US Navy; Vol. 62; July - December 1936
  78. ^ George E. Mayer
  79. ^ "Angel Mendez". VirtualWall.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
  80. ^ DR. ENRIQUE MENDEZ, JR. ARMED FORCES INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY ORAL HISTORY PROGRAM Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
  81. ^ Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (1940). "Education". Puerto Rico: A Guide to the Island of Boriquén. New York: The University Society, Inc. Archived from the original on 2000-07-07.
  82. ^ El Mundo; "La carrera de Jose Antonio Muñiz en las fuerzas aéreas de los EE. UU.; April 26, 1944; Number 9986; (Spanish)
  83. ^ Navas Archived 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ^ Negroni Family
  85. ^ El Mundo; "La carrera de Alberto A. Nido en las fuerzas aéreas de los EE. UU.; April 26, 1944; Number 9986
  86. ^ National Guard Bureau Archived 2009-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
  87. ^ "The Submarine Forces Diversity Trailblazer - Capt. Marion Frederick Ramirez de Arellano"; Summer 2007 Undersea Warfare magazine; pg.31
  88. ^ UNDERSEA WARFARE Magazine article on Capt. Ramirez de Arellano Archived 2009-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ Antonio J. Ramos, Retrieved February 16, 2008.
  90. ^ Time magazine
  91. ^ "Descendants of Otto Julius Riefkohl". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  92. ^ Typhus and Doughboys: The American Polish Typhus Relief Expedition, 1919-1921 By Alfred E. Cornebise Pages 23, 25, 119 and 120
  93. ^ Brozan, Nadine (1992-08-11). "Chronicle". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  94. ^ Ildelfonso Lopez, "Tras las Huellas de Nuestro Paso", Pg. 40, Publisher: AEELA, 1998. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  95. ^ Navy Biographies
  96. ^ Puerto Rico Herald Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  97. ^ "Silver Star Citations". Korean War Educator. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
  98. ^ Women's Military Memorial Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  99. ^ Highlights in the History of U.S. Army Dentistry. See "16 March 1940" entry.
  100. ^ "Asuntos Historicos: Tributo Al Extinto Comandante Fernando E. Rodriguez"; by Dr. Jose Munoz Barait, Page 29
  101. ^ Medal of Honor citation Medal of Honor citation
  102. ^ Rentz, Major John N., USMCR (1946). "Appendix X: Commands and Staff". Bougainville and the Northern Solomons. USMC Historical Monograph. Historical Branch, U.S. Marine Corps. Retrieved April 9, 2007.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  103. ^ "Sergeant Major José L. Santiago—Sergeant Major, 2d Battalion, 9th Marines". II MEF, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  104. ^ Puerto Rico Herald Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ^ Former Commanding Officers
  106. ^ Making a Difference
  107. ^ Sosa's Distinguished Service Cross Citation
  108. ^ a b Permuy, Antonio (22 August 2022). "Former Miami Beach nurse and WWII vet receives LULAC's highest honor". www.communitynewspapers.com. Miami, Florida: Biscayne Bay Tribune. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  109. ^ Gonzalez-Colon, Jenniffer. "Honoring the Life of Lieutenant Vazquez". www.congress.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  110. ^ "President Awards Posthumous Medal of Honor to Vietnam War Hero". July 8, 2002. Remarks by the President Bush at the Presentation of the Medal of Honor in the East Room of the White House.
  111. ^ "Villaronga Newsletter". Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  112. ^ Designan nuevamente a Martha Carcana para dirigir la Guardia Nacional
  113. ^ Special Forces Soldier, Blinded in Battle, Determined to Keep Serving Fox News
  114. ^ Martin, David (May 3, 2017). "Army combat photographer's last picture is of her own death". CBS News. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  115. ^ "Hilda Clayton's Obituary on The Augusta Chronicle". The Augusta Chronicle.
  116. ^ Defense.gov
  117. ^ Stars and Stripes
  118. ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff
  119. ^ Our American Dream: Meet the First Latina US Military Pilot
  120. ^ Puerto Rico chooses soldier for next police chief[dead link]
  121. ^ Noticentro
  122. ^ USFK J2 Organization Home Page
  123. ^ BG Escribano pays respect to Hispanic heritage
  124. ^ Puerto Rico, Nov 27, 2007, AFA cadet first Puerto Rican Rhodes scholar
  125. ^ U.S. Army Library Archived 2009-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
  126. ^ Arlington National Cemetery
  127. ^ Brigadier General Hector E. Pagan
  128. ^ Fallen Heroes Memorial
  129. ^ "Maritza Sáenz Ryan - Bio".
  130. ^ "Ryan takes charge of Law Department"
  131. ^ Yita Joan Frontera Lluch
  132. ^ "Marc Sasseville". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
  133. ^ Griffith, Frank. "Puerto Rican soldier killed in Chinook helicopter downing buried with full military honors" SignOnSanDiego.com Associated Press, November 10, 2003.
  134. ^ Strategy and Technology Executive www.linkedin.com/in/noelzamot
  135. ^ Puerto Rico fiscal board announces appointment of revitalization coordinator, By Caribbean Business on July 24, 2017
  136. ^ "nbc learn K-12". Archived from the original on 2018-07-02. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
  137. ^ Brigadier General Irene Zoppi
  138. ^ El Escultor de las Galaxias
  139. ^ "Brief History of THE CERRO TOLOLO INTER-AMERICAN OBSERVATORY". Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
  140. ^ COLSA Archived 2016-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
  141. ^ NASA Scientist Recognized As Innovator
  142. ^ New York, NY - Veteran NYPD Chief Of Patrol To Retire
  143. ^ Carmona, José L. (November 28, 2002). "Person Of The Year, Public Sector: William Miranda Marin". Caribbean Business. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
  144. ^ Monthly Review
  145. ^ 40 Aňos de Cine Puertoriqueňo Archived 2007-10-23 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

[edit]
  • Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by : Greg Boudonck; ISBN 1497421837; ISBN 978-1497421837